۴.۱.۱.۳. Lack of technological equipment.63
۴.۱.۱.۴. Non-communicative method63-64
۴.۱.۲. Factors leading to Iranian high school students’ demotivation for L2 speaking practice and progress as perceived by teachers64-65
۴.۱.۲.۱. Teachers’ inadequate language knowledge and teaching style65-66
۴.۱.۲.۲. Learner characteristics67-68
۴.۱.۲.۳. Unsuitable learning materials.68
۴.۱.۲.۴. Lack of technological equipment.69
۴.۱.۲.۵. Non-communicative method69-70
۴.۱.۳. Similarities and differences in students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the demotivating factors regarding students’ practice of L2 speaking70-71
۴.۲. The Quantitative Phase.71
۴.۲.۱. Factor analysis72-76
۴.۳. Reliability of the instrument.76
۴.۵. Discussion.82-85
Chapter 5: Conclusion and implication of the study
۵.۱. Summary of findings.87
۵.۲. Pedagogical implications and applications88-90
۵.۳. Suggestions for further studies.90
۵.۴. Limitations of the Study91
۵.۵. Delimitation of the Study.91
References92-100
Appendices
Appendix I102-103
Appendix II103-105
Appendix III.105-106
Appendix IV106-107
Appendix V107-108
Appendix VI.108-109
Abstract in Persian110
List of tables
Table2. 1. From extrinsic to intrinsic motivation in educational institutions (Brown, 2000, p.79)21
Table4.1. Rotated component matrix72
Table4.2. The factors structure of ”Foreign Language Speaking Demotivation”( FLSD).75
Table4.4. Mann-Whitney U Test; Negative Attitude as a Demotivating Factor.78
Table4.6. Mann-Whitney U Test; Lack of Technology in Classroom79
Table4.7.Mann-Whitney U Test; Lack of adequate teaching materials80
Table4.8. Mann-Whitney U Test; Unfavorable Classroom Environment81
Table4.9. Mann-Whitney U Test; Insufficient Opportunities for Speaking81
List of Graphs
Figure ۲. ۱. Gardner’s integrative model (1997, cited in Dornyei, 2001, p. 50)13
Figure ۲.۲. Tremblay and Gardner’s model (1995, p. 510)18
Figure2. 3. Teacher L2 motivational teaching practice (Dörnyei, 2005, p. 112)30
Figure2. 4. Ushioda’s model of Future time perspective (FTP) (2001, p. 118).33
Graph4.1. Median Scores on Demotivating Factors82
List of Acronyms
AMTB: Attitude Motivation Test battery
EFL: English as a Foreign Language
ELT: English Language Teaching
ESL: English as a Second Language
L1: First Language
L2: Second Language
TESOL: Teaching English to Speakers of other Language.
Abstract
Motivation is an issue which has been the focus of attention in the field of second language (L2) learning and teaching for a rather long time (e.g., Gardner, 1985; Muhonen, 2004; Scarcella & Oxford, 1992). However, its opposite side, i.e. demotivation, has drawn researchers’ serious attention only recently (e.g., Dornyei & Ushioda, 2011, Falout, Elwood, & Hood, 2009, Falout & Maruyama, 2004, Kikuchi, 2009, Sakai & Kikuchi, 2009). What is more unfortunate is that in the context of Iran, this concept has not been explored in more than a few studies (e.g., HeidariSoureshjani & Riahipour (2012). In order to address this gap, the present study was carried out to investigate and compare Iranian EFL teachers’ and learners’ perceptions about demotivating factors with regard to practicing speaking skill in high school. To achieve this goal, 12 Iranian male and female EFL learners and Iranian male and female 12 EFL teachers (male and female) were interviewed. As a result of thematic analysis of the interviews, four themes emerged from students’ and five themes emerged from teachers’ data. The themes common between the two groups were teachers’ inadequate language knowledge and teaching style, unsuitable learning materials, lack of technological equipment, and non-communicative methods. The additional theme which emerged from teachers’ interviews was learner characteristics. These findings along with the researcher’s review of the related literature were used to develop a questionnaire to explore Iranian L2 students’ and teachers’ perceptions of demotivating factors with regard to speaking practice in high school in a wider scope. The questionnaire was administered to 150 Iranian male and 150 female EFL learners and 40 male and 40 female teachers. To validate the questionnaire, the researcher conducted principal components analysis with varimax rotation. The personal and external factors which emerged were negative attitude toward learning L2, teacher’s inadequate competence and performance, lack of technological facilities in classroom, lack of adequate teaching materials, unfavorable classroom climate, and insufficient opportunities for speaking practice. The Mann-Whitney test was run to probe any similarities and differences between students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the six factors which lead to Iranian high school students’ demotivation for L2 speaking practice and progress. Both groups have similar perceptions about how much impact of teachers’ inadequate competence and performance and competence on learners’ motivation to practice speaking. Compared to teachers, students put significantly higher emphasis on the effects of their negative attitude to language learning and speaking on their demotivation regarding speaking practice and the other factors emphasized by teachers significantly more than by students regarding its contribution to students’ demotivation regarding speaking practice. The pedagogical implications and applications of these findings as well as some suggestions for further research are discussed.
Key words: Demotivation, motivation, speaking skill, EFL high school learners’ perceptions, EFL high school teachers’ perceptions.
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
There are diverse factors that play an important role in the process of language learning and language teaching. Motivation is a major one and is usually defined as
an internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains behavior. We all know how it feels to be motivated, and to move energetically toward a goal. We also know that it is something like to working hard, even if we are not fascinated by the task (Woolfolk, Winne, & Perry, 2003, p. 354).
Thus, the study of motivation is concerned with what makes someone interested in learning a second language and what keeps them motivated. However, motivation to learn L2 is a complex construct, considering that language is always socially and culturally bound and hence quite different from other school subjects (Students who have higher motivation are more successful and efficient in their learning (Ely, 1986).Many researchers (e.g., Crookes& Schmidt, 1991; Dornyei, 2001a; Oxford, 1996) have investigated how students can be motivated. Among these researchers, Dornyei, in particular, has done extensive research on practical aspects of motivation such as the question of how teachers can help to improve learner motivation in classroom (Dornyei, 2001b).
In addition to factors which increase students’ motivation, there are factors which more likely reduce motivation rather than reinforcing it. Dornyei (2001a) has defined demotivation as “specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivation basis of a behavior intention or an ongoing action” (p.143). Therefore, a demotivated learner is someone who was once motivated, but has lost his or her interest for some reasons. In the same vein, we can speak of demotives, which are negative counterparts of motives.
مطلب دیگر :
First and foremost, this study seeks to investigate Iranian teachers’ and learners’ ideas about demotivating factors with regard to practicing speaking skill. More precisely, this study is mainly set out to obtain the perspectives of two groups who are involved in the teaching and learning process, namely language teachers and learners, on factors which may negatively influence the speaking performance of language learners. Also, the study serves as an attempt to see the similarities and differences between the students’ and teachers’ perspectives on the subject of the study.
۱.۲. Statement of the Problem
English language teaching involves the development of four macro skills which are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is often considered as a neglected skill in foreign language education and accepted as the most complex and difficult skill to acquire (Ur, 1996). Furthermore, Speaking is complex and difficult to learn thoroughly because it includes linguistic and non-linguistic elements such as vocabulary, intonation, articulation, formal and informal language expression, gestures, and so forth. Iran is a country where English is taught as a foreign language, and English learners have little chance to practice English speaking outside the classroom except from online environments and English is taught to learners only in the formal context of classes.
Most teachers tend to use the grammar translation method in their classes in the official system of education in Iran, which clearly ignores the oral skills of speaking and listening in the golden age of communicative approach in language education. Also they tend to use the mother tongue in order to explain repetition and question answer drills. Consequently, students feel few opportunities exist inside or outside the classroom for genuine spoken communication. Moreover, although the learner spend seven years of studying English (three years in junior of high school, three years in high school and 1 year in pre-university level), the majority of learners who graduate from this system are incapable of utilizing the taught material for speaking in real- life situations.
A consequence of this is students’ losing motivation for improving their oral skills .This is a major concern in ELT because motivation plays an important role in learning process and the related literature shows that those students who have higher motivation are more successful and efficient in their learning (e. g., Ely, 1986). It is obvious that motivation and demotivation as well as speaking are very important matters in the process of language learning. In this way, language teachers can become aware of factors which may encourage language learners to speak and also factors which may impede their speaking progress.
۳-۲-۱- تست قدرت شلاته کنندگی: .۵۰
۳ -۲-۲- تست قدرت احیا کنندگی: .۵۲
۳-۲-۳- تست اثر ضد رادیکالی : DPPH53
فصل پنجم نتایج کلی:.۵۶
Abstract : .۵۷
فهرست منابع: ۵۸
فهرست جداول ها
جدول(۲-۱): ترکیبات گریندوکس ۱۱۷: ۲۰
جدول(۲-۲): فرمولاسیون تجاری آ»تی اکسیدان های طبیعی . ۲۵
جدول شماره (۲-۳): مشخصات اسانس پوست: ۴۱
جدول (۳-۱): آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس آزمایشگاهی: ۴۸
جدول(۳-۲): آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس دارچین تجاری (۱): ۴۹
جدول (۳-۳)- آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس دارچین (۲): ۴۹
جدول (۳-۴):مقایسه ترکیبات شیمیایی مختلف اسانس دارچین آزمایشگاهی و دو اسانس تجاری: ۵۰
جدول (۳-۵):غلظت مهاری ۵۰ درصد (IC50) اسانس های تجاری و آزمایشگاهی دارچین در تست DPPH:5
فهرست نمودارها
مطلب دیگر :
۱-۱- مقدمه:
اکسیداسیون مواد غذایی به ویژه روغن ها موجب کاهش ارزش تغذیه ای ماده غذایی و نیز تشکیل هیدروپروکسیدها، ترکیبات کربونیلی بدبو،مالون دی آلدئید ها ،آلکانها وآلکنها می شود.همچنین اکسیداسیون می تواند کیفیت شیمیایی و ارگانولپتیک مواد غذایی را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و باعث ایجاد سرطان، دیابت و بیماری های قلبی_ عروقی در مصرف کنندگان شود، لذا مسئله ناپایداری اکسیداسیونی و جلوگیری از آن از طریق افزودن آنتی اکسیدان ها برای پایداری موادغذایی و حفظ سلامت مهم می باشد.(نیلفر و همکاران[۵]۲۰۰۴)
| Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of task-based instructions on developing Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy and creativity. A group of 52 intermediate EFL learners were selected based on cluster sampling. They were divided into two experimental groups (Cue Card Timed Task vs. Linguistic Summarizing Task). In order to test the major research hypothesis, a two-way ANOVA was run to compare the two groups’ means on the posttests of oral proficiency, creativity and autonomy. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the LS and CCT groups’ grand means on the three tests. Moreover, the CCT group outperformed the LS group on the grand mean for the posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity. Additionally, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between the Iranian EFL learners’ means on posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity irrespective of group membership. Overall, it can be concluded that task- based instruction can affect EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy, and creativity. So, both learners’ academic achievements and their cognitive factors are functions of the type of instruction, though the extent of functioning might vary depending on the dependent variable type. Key words: Task- Creativity- Autonomy- Cue Card Timed- Linguistic Summarizing
۱.۱Theoretical Background |
۱.۲ Im Sinne von der persischen Kultur8
۱.۲ Im Sinne vom Christentum10
۱.۴ Im Sinne von der deutschen Kultur.12
۳.۱: Die Rolle eines Führers in Bezug auf.21
die Aufopferung im Krieg
۳.۲: Die Rolle der Heimatliebe in Bezug.28
auf die Aufopferung
۳.۳: Die Rolle von Glauben in Bezug auf36
die Aufopferung
۴.۱: Biografie von Heinrich Böll43
۴.۲: Inhaltsangaben von seinen Werken.46
۵.۱: Inhaltsangaben von ihren Werken.66
۵.۲: Die Rolle von Aufopferung in den Werken.67
۵.۲.۱Safar be geraye 270 darajeh67
۵.۲.۲Shatranj ba mashine ghiamat71
Seit Anfang der Menschheit waren immer die Menschen und Völker im Konflikt miteinander. Mit Laufe der Zeit sind Kriege zustande gekommen. Als Beispiel kann die Kreuzzüge und Weltkriege erwähnt werden. Der Krieg beeinflusste die Menschen und das Leben in allen Bereiche und er hat für sich eine eigene Kultur geschöpft. Ihre Begriffe haben in die Literatur eingegangen und die Schriftsteller fingen an Über den Krieg und seine Gegenstände zu schreiben. Diese Literatur heißt in Deutschland Trümmerliteratur oder Nachkriegszeitliteratur und die Iraner nennen diese Literatur Wiederstandliteratur.
Was man häufig in der Literatur von Krieg als Objekt sieht, ist der Begriff Aufopferung. In dieser Arbeit kann man die Untersuchung von Aufopferung und ihrer Rolle in vier bestimmten Werken von der deutschen und persischen Literatur als Ziel bestimmen. Anderseits wissen Wir, dass die Aufopferung besondere Bedeutung für die Iraner hat und sie mehr mit religiösem Anreiz vorkommt. Aber Natürlich müssen in der deutschen Literatur solche Begriffe allgemeiner ins Auge zu fassen. Da das Ziel von Aufopferung mehr moralisch ist und mit den Begriffen “Nationalismus” und “ Patriotismus” zu tun hat.
Im Jahr 1933 bis 1945 gab es in Deutschland zwei Art von Literaturen. Eine war von innerem Deutschland und unter Kontrolle von Nazismus und sie hieß die Literatur von Nationalsozialismus. Sie Motivierte die Menschen und Soldaten für Aufopferung aber im Wunsch und Bestrebung des Nazismus. Diese war oberflächig, wertlos und befohlen. Aber die Schriftsteller, die außer den geografischen Grenzen von Deutschland lebten, schafften die Exilliteratur. Sie kämpften mit der Hilfe von Begriffe wie Aufopferung in der Literatur gegen Diktatur in Deutschland. Es gibt auch einen großen Unterschied zwischen
L’apprentissage de la grammaire doit conduire les élèves à saisir que le respect des règles de l’expression française n’est pas contradictoire avec la liberté d’expression : il favorise au contraire une pensée précise ainsi qu’un raisonnement rigoureux et facilement compréhensible. L’élève doit maîtriser suffisamment les outils de la langue que sont le vocabulaire, la grammaire et l’orthographe pour pouvoir lire, comprendre et écrire des textes dans différents contextes. L’apprentissage de la grammaire et de l’orthographe requiert des exercices spécifiques distincts de l’étude des textes.
Les causes et les aspects de la diversité et de l’évolution des manuels rendaient intéressante la confrontation de certains d’entre eux dans une étude historique de la transposition didactique de la grammaire. Les manuels ont été retenus en fonction de leur appartenance à trois générations, trois courants qui reflètent bien l’évolution de la didactique au cours de ces dernières années. La rupture avec la grammaire traditionnelle au début des
années 1970 était une des phases de cette évolution.
Pourquoi enseigner la grammaire ?مطلب دیگر :
Quand on dit les mots par exemple arbre, chien, ciel que se passe-t-il dans votre tête ? Les images représentants de ces choses viennent à l’esprit. On peut s’exprimer au moyen des signes, au moyen de la parole et au moyen de l’écriture. Le langage est le moyen d’exprimer nos idées, Alors on enseigne la grammaire. Chaque langue a ses règles spéciales qui nous aident à la parler et à l’écrire correctement. Ces règles forment la grammaire. Elle nous enseigne à parler et à écrire sans faire des fautes.
« La construction de la langue se fait chez le jeune enfant par la recherche de solutions reposant sur la grammaire pour créer de nouveaux mot. »[۲]
Les difficultés des élèves sont le reflet de l’état de la grammaire actuelle. En effet, dans son livre Enseigner la grammaire et le vocabulaire à l’école: Pourquoi ? Comment?[3] Renée Leon dresse un constat alarmant sur la grammaire. Cette dernière dénonce le manque de réflexion sur les finalités de l’enseignement