دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات هرمزگان پایان نامه زبان انگلیسی (M.A) گرایش : آموزش زبان انگلیسی

۴.۱.۱.۳. Lack of technological equipment.63
۴.۱.۱.۴. Non-communicative method63-64
۴.۱.۲. Factors leading to Iranian high school students’ demotivation for L2 speaking practice and progress as perceived by teachers64-65
۴.۱.۲.۱. Teachers’ inadequate language knowledge and teaching style65-66
۴.۱.۲.۲. Learner characteristics67-68
۴.۱.۲.۳. Unsuitable learning materials.68
۴.۱.۲.۴. Lack of technological equipment.69
۴.۱.۲.۵. Non-communicative method69-70
۴.۱.۳. Similarities and differences in students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the demotivating factors regarding students’ practice of L2 speaking70-71
۴.۲. The Quantitative Phase.71
۴.۲.۱. Factor analysis72-76
۴.۳. Reliability of the instrument.76
۴.۵. Discussion.82-85
Chapter 5: Conclusion and implication of the study
۵.۱. Summary of findings.87
۵.۲. Pedagogical implications and applications88-90
۵.۳. Suggestions for further studies.90
۵.۴. Limitations of the Study91
۵.۵. Delimitation of the Study.91
References92-100
Appendices
Appendix I102-103
Appendix II103-105
Appendix III.105-106
Appendix IV106-107
Appendix V107-108
Appendix VI.108-109
Abstract in Persian110
 
List of tables
Table2. 1. From extrinsic to intrinsic motivation in educational institutions (Brown, 2000, p.79)21
Table4.1. Rotated component matrix72
Table4.2. The factors structure of ”Foreign Language Speaking Demotivation”( FLSD).75
Table4.4. Mann-Whitney U Test; Negative Attitude as a Demotivating Factor.78
Table4.6. Mann-Whitney U Test; Lack of Technology in Classroom79
Table4.7.Mann-Whitney U Test; Lack of adequate teaching materials80
Table4.8. Mann-Whitney U Test; Unfavorable Classroom Environment81
Table4.9. Mann-Whitney U Test; Insufficient Opportunities for Speaking81

 
 
List of Graphs
Figure  ۲. ۱. Gardner’s integrative model (1997, cited in Dornyei, 2001, p. 50)13
Figure  ۲.۲. Tremblay and Gardner’s model (1995, p. 510)18
Figure2. 3. Teacher L2 motivational teaching practice (Dörnyei, 2005, p. 112)30
Figure2. 4. Ushioda’s model of Future time perspective (FTP) (2001, p. 118).33
Graph4.1. Median Scores on Demotivating Factors82
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Acronyms
AMTB: Attitude Motivation Test battery
EFL: English as a Foreign Language
ELT: English Language Teaching
ESL: English as a Second Language
L1: First Language
L2: Second Language
TESOL: Teaching English to Speakers of other Language.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract
Motivation is an issue which has been the focus of attention in the field of second language (L2) learning and teaching for a rather long time (e.g., Gardner, 1985; Muhonen, 2004; Scarcella & Oxford, 1992). However, its opposite side, i.e. demotivation, has drawn researchers’ serious attention only recently (e.g., Dornyei & Ushioda, 2011,  Falout,  Elwood, & Hood, 2009, Falout & Maruyama, 2004, Kikuchi, 2009, Sakai & Kikuchi, 2009). What is more unfortunate is that in the context of Iran, this concept has not been explored in more than a few studies (e.g., HeidariSoureshjani & Riahipour (2012). In order to address this gap, the present study was carried out to investigate and compare Iranian EFL teachers’ and learners’ perceptions about demotivating factors with regard to practicing speaking skill in high school. To achieve this goal, 12 Iranian male and female EFL learners and Iranian male and female 12 EFL teachers (male and female) were interviewed.  As a result of thematic analysis of the interviews, four themes emerged from students’ and five themes emerged from teachers’ data. The themes common between the two groups were teachers’ inadequate language knowledge and teaching style, unsuitable learning materials, lack of technological equipment, and non-communicative methods. The additional theme which emerged from teachers’ interviews was learner characteristics. These findings along with the researcher’s review of the related literature were used to develop a questionnaire to explore Iranian L2 students’ and teachers’ perceptions of demotivating factors with regard to speaking practice in high school in a wider scope. The questionnaire was administered to 150 Iranian male and 150 female EFL learners and 40 male and 40 female teachers. To validate the questionnaire, the researcher conducted principal components analysis with varimax rotation. The personal and external factors which emerged were negative attitude toward learning L2, teacher’s inadequate competence and performance, lack of technological facilities in classroom, lack of adequate teaching materials, unfavorable classroom climate, and insufficient opportunities for speaking practice. The Mann-Whitney test was run to probe any similarities and differences between students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the six factors which lead to Iranian high school students’ demotivation for L2 speaking practice and progress.  Both groups have similar perceptions about how much impact of teachers’ inadequate competence and performance and competence on learners’ motivation to practice speaking. Compared to teachers, students put significantly higher emphasis on the effects of their negative attitude to language learning and speaking on their demotivation regarding speaking practice and the other factors emphasized by teachers significantly more than by students regarding its contribution to students’ demotivation regarding speaking practice. The pedagogical implications and applications of these findings as well as some suggestions for further research are discussed.

Key words: Demotivation, motivation, speaking skill, EFL high school learners’ perceptions, EFL high school teachers’ perceptions.

 
                                                                                     
 
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
 

 

 
   

 

  • Overview

There are diverse factors that play an important role in the process of language learning and language teaching. Motivation is a major one and is usually defined as
an internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains behavior. We all know how it feels to be motivated, and to move energetically toward a goal. We also know that it is something like to working hard, even if we are not fascinated by the task (Woolfolk, Winne, & Perry, 2003, p. 354).
Thus, the study of motivation is concerned with what makes someone interested in learning a second language and what keeps them motivated. However, motivation to learn L2 is a complex construct, considering that language is always socially and culturally bound and hence quite different from other school subjects (Students who have higher motivation are more successful and efficient in their learning (Ely, 1986).Many researchers (e.g., Crookes& Schmidt, 1991; Dornyei, 2001a; Oxford, 1996) have investigated how students can be motivated. Among these researchers, Dornyei, in particular, has done extensive research on practical aspects of motivation such as the question of how teachers can help to improve learner motivation in classroom (Dornyei, 2001b).
In addition to factors which increase students’ motivation, there are factors which more likely reduce motivation rather than reinforcing it.  Dornyei (2001a) has defined demotivation as “specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivation basis of a behavior intention or an ongoing action” (p.143). Therefore, a demotivated learner is someone who was once motivated, but has lost his or her interest for some reasons. In the same vein, we can speak of demotives, which are negative counterparts of motives.


Sometimes it is said that demotivation is the same as amotivation, while some scholars like Dornyei, Dci, and Ryan(1985) believe that amotivation is” the relative absence of motivation that is not caused by a lack of initial interest but rather by individual feelings of incompetence and helplessness when faced with the activity”. Accordingly,” amotivation” events are those that occur within the person that signify his or her inability to master some situation or events”(Dornyei, Dci & Ryan, 1985, p.110).
One of the skills that learners might feel unable to develop is speaking, especially in contexts like Iran where speaking practice does not happen much. With regard to the importance of speaking, there are three major reasons for encouraging learners to speak in classrooms. First, speaking activities prepare practice opportunities-chances to practice real life speaking in the classroom. Secondly, speaking tasks in which students tend to use any or all of the language they know provide feedback for both teacher and students. And finally, the more students have opportunities to activate the diverse elements of language they have kept in their brains, the more automatic their use of these elements become. As a result, students gradually become independent language users. This means that they will afford to use words and phrases fluently without very much conscious thought (Harmer, 2008). However, some factors may negatively affect the speaking practice and they may decrease the learners’ motivation to speak in the classroom.

مطلب دیگر :



First and foremost, this study seeks to investigate Iranian teachers’ and learners’ ideas about demotivating factors with regard to practicing speaking skill. More precisely,  this study is mainly set out to obtain the perspectives of two groups who are involved in the teaching and learning process, namely language teachers and learners, on factors which may negatively influence the speaking performance of language learners. Also, the study serves as an attempt to see the similarities and differences between the students’ and teachers’ perspectives on the subject of the study.

۱.۲. Statement of the Problem
English language teaching involves the development of four macro skills which are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is often considered as a neglected skill in foreign language education and accepted as the most complex and difficult skill to acquire (Ur, 1996).  Furthermore, Speaking is complex and difficult to learn thoroughly because it includes linguistic and non-linguistic elements such as vocabulary, intonation, articulation, formal and informal language expression, gestures, and so forth. Iran is a country where English is taught as a foreign language, and English learners have little chance to practice English speaking outside the classroom except from online environments and English is taught to learners only in the formal context of classes.

Most teachers tend to use the grammar translation method in their classes in the official system of education in Iran, which clearly ignores the oral skills of speaking and listening in the golden age of communicative approach in language education. Also they tend to use the mother tongue in order to explain repetition and question answer drills. Consequently, students feel few opportunities exist inside or outside the classroom for genuine spoken communication. Moreover, although the learner spend seven years of studying English (three years in junior of high school, three years in high school and 1 year in pre-university level), the majority of learners who graduate from this system are incapable of utilizing the taught material for speaking in real- life situations.

A consequence of this is students’ losing motivation for improving their oral skills .This is a major concern in ELT because motivation plays an important role in learning process and the related literature shows that those students who have higher motivation are more successful and efficient in their learning (e. g., Ely, 1986). It is obvious that motivation and demotivation as well as speaking are very important matters in the process of language learning. In this way, language teachers can become aware of factors which may encourage language learners to speak and also factors which may impede their speaking progress.

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دامغان پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد در رشته صنایع غذایی گرایش شیمی ...

۳-۲-۱- تست قدرت شلاته کنندگی:  .۵۰
۳ -۲-۲- تست  قدرت احیا کنندگی: .۵۲
۳-۲-۳- تست اثر ضد رادیکالی  : DPPH53
فصل پنجم نتایج کلی:.۵۶
Abstract  : .۵۷
فهرست منابع:  ۵۸
فهرست جداول ها
جدول(۲-۱): ترکیبات گریندوکس ۱۱۷: ۲۰
جدول(۲-۲): فرمولاسیون تجاری آ»تی اکسیدان های طبیعی . ۲۵
جدول شماره (۲-۳): مشخصات اسانس پوست: ۴۱                           
جدول (۳-۱): آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس آزمایشگاهی:  ۴۸
جدول(۳-۲): آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس دارچین تجاری (۱): ۴۹
جدول (۳-۳)- آنالیز دستگاهی اسانس دارچین (۲): ۴۹
جدول (۳-۴):مقایسه ترکیبات شیمیایی مختلف اسانس دارچین آزمایشگاهی و دو اسانس تجاری: ۵۰
جدول (۳-۵):غلظت مهاری ۵۰ درصد (IC50) اسانس های تجاری و آزمایشگاهی دارچین در تست DPPH:5
فهرست نمودارها


نمودار (۳-۱): مقایسه قدرت آنتی اکسیدانی اسانس تجاری و خالص دارچین بر اساس قدرت شلاته کنندگی ۵۲
نمودار(۳-۲): مقایسه خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی دو اسانس تجاری و خالص دارچین بر اساس قدرت احیاکنندکی. ۵۳
فهرست شکل ها
شکل (۲-۱): مکانیسم عمل، رادیکالهای آزاد در اکسیداسیون چربی ها. ۵
شکل(۲-۲): تشکیل هیدروپراکسید. ۷
شکل( ۲-۳) :ساختمان شیمیایی برخی آنتی اکسیدانهای طبیعی و سنتزی ۱۴
شکل( ۲-۴ ): طبقه بندی آنتی اکسیدان ها بر اساس مکانیسم عمل۱۷
شکل(۲-۵):کاربردهای مختلف آنتی اکسیدان ها در مواد غذایی . ۲۱
شکل (۲-۶) :ساختمان شیمایی بعضی ترکیبات متشکله عصاره رزماری. ۲۶
شکل (۲-۷) :ساختمان شیمیایی آلفاتوکوفرول و آلفاتوکوترینول ۲۷
شکل (۲-۸) :ساختمان شیمیایی لسیتین (فسفاتیدیل کولین) ۲۸

مطلب دیگر :



شکل(۲-۹) :ساختمان شیمیایی آسکوربیل پالمیتات ۲۹
شکل(۲-۱۰): بخش های مختلف گیاه دارچین ۳۰
 شکل (۲-۱۱): پوست درخت دارچین ۳۲
شکل (۲-۱۲): پودر دارچین ۳۲
شکل (۲-۱۳)-اسانس دارچین ۴۰
چکیده
این مطالعه جهت مقایسه ترکیبات شیمیایی و اثر آنتی اکسیدانی اسانس دارچین آزمایشگاهی[۱] دو اسانس تجاری[۲] طراحی شده
است.اسانس آزمایشگاهی به روش تقطیر با آب و توسط دستگاه کلونجر استخراج شد.و اسانس های تجاری از بازار محلی خریداری شد.
جهت شناسایی ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس ها آنالیز دستگاهی (GC/MS) صورت گرفت.ترکیبات اصلی شناسایی شده اسانس دارچین آزمایشگاهی به ترتیب سینام آلدئید (۷۷%)،سینام آلدئید دی متیل استات (۶/۶%)،آلفا کاپائین (۶%) و دلتا کادنین (۳%) بودند.نتایج حاصل از آنالیز دستگاهی نشان داد که ترکیبات اصلی اسانس آزمایشگاهی از ترکیبات اسانس تجاری متفاوت بود و ترکیبات اصلی شناسایی شده در دو اسانس تجاری به ترتیب سینام آلدئید،ترانس کاریو فیلن، لینالول و اوژنول بودند.
اثر آنتی اکسیدانی اسانس ها با سه روش مختلف شلاته کنندگی آهن [۳] ، قدرت احیا کنندگی[۴] و اثر ضد رادیکالی  DPPHارزیابی شد. در این رابطه اسانس آزمایشگاهی در تست  شلاته کنندگی قوی تر از دو اسانس تجاری بود،اما به از لحاظ آماری در دو تست احیا کنندگی و ضد رادیکالی  DPPH ضعیف تر از دو اسانس تجاری بود.(۰۵/۰ <p).
به طور کلی از میان سه اسانس،اسانس تجاری اثر آنتی اکسیدانی بهتری را نسبت به اسانس آزمایشگاهی از خود نشان داد.این شواهد می تواند به دلیل پایین بودن میزان ترکیبات فنولی و مونوترپنی در اسانس آزمایشگاهی باشد.

۱-۱- مقدمه:
اکسیداسیون مواد غذایی به ویژه روغن ها موجب کاهش ارزش تغذیه ای ماده غذایی و نیز تشکیل هیدروپروکسیدها، ترکیبات کربونیلی بدبو،مالون دی آلدئید ها ،آلکانها وآلکنها می شود.همچنین اکسیداسیون می تواند کیفیت شیمیایی و ارگانولپتیک مواد غذایی را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و باعث ایجاد سرطان، دیابت و بیماری های قلبی_ عروقی در مصرف کنندگان شود، لذا مسئله ناپایداری اکسیداسیونی و جلوگیری از آن از طریق افزودن آنتی اکسیدان ها برای پایداری موادغذایی و حفظ سلامت مهم می باشد.(نیلفر و همکاران[۵]۲۰۰۴)

دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبانهای خارجی پایان­ نامه برای دریافت درجه کارشناسی ارشد “M.A “ (آموزش زبان انگلیسی) ...

 


مطلب دیگر :


با ۱۰ مورد از عجیب ترین موبایل های تولید شده تا امروز آشنا شوید



Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of task-based instructions on developing Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy and creativity. A group of 52 intermediate EFL learners were selected based on cluster sampling. They were divided into two experimental groups (Cue Card Timed Task vs. Linguistic Summarizing Task). In order to test the major research hypothesis, a two-way ANOVA was run to compare the two groups’ means on the posttests of oral proficiency, creativity and autonomy. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the LS and CCT groups’ grand means on the three tests. Moreover, the CCT group outperformed the LS group on the grand mean for the posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity.   Additionally, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between the Iranian EFL learners’ means on posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity irrespective of group membership. Overall, it can be concluded that task- based instruction can affect EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy, and creativity. So, both learners’ academic achievements and their cognitive factors are functions of the type of instruction, though the extent of functioning might vary depending on the dependent variable type.
Key words:
Task- Creativity- Autonomy- Cue Card Timed- Linguistic Summarizing

 

Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of task-based instructions on developing Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy and creativity. A group of 52 intermediate EFL learners were selected based on cluster sampling. They were divided into two experimental groups (Cue Card Timed Task vs. Linguistic Summarizing Task). In order to test the major research hypothesis, a two-way ANOVA was run to compare the two groups’ means on the posttests of oral proficiency, creativity and autonomy. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the LS and CCT groups’ grand means on the three tests. Moreover, the CCT group outperformed the LS group on the grand mean for the posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity.   Additionally, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between the Iranian EFL learners’ means on posttests of oral proficiency, autonomy and creativity irrespective of group membership. Overall, it can be concluded that task- based instruction can affect EFL learners’ speaking ability, learner autonomy, and creativity. So, both learners’ academic achievements and their cognitive factors are functions of the type of instruction, though the extent of functioning might vary depending on the dependent variable type.
Key words:
Task- Creativity- Autonomy- Cue Card Timed- Linguistic Summarizing

 

Acknowledgements

This thesis would not have been completed were it not for the help rendered by the following organizations and individuals.
Firstly, the researcher is deeply grateful to her supervisor Dr. Gholam-Reza Abbasian for his great effort, without which this work would have never been completed. His overly enthusiasm and integral view on research and his mission for providing only high quality work and not less, has made a deep impression on the researcher. I owe him lot of gratitude for having shown me this way of research. He could not even realize how much I have learned from him. I am glad I have come to get to know him in my academic life. He always monitored my work and took effort in reading and providing me with valuable comments. He really has a sharp eye for minute details and possesses super-analytical skills. I have to acknowledge his important inputs in all chapters of the thesis.
The researcher would also like to thank her colleagues for the effort they exerted in helping the researcher scored the speaking test. Special thanks to my dear best friends Nasrin Nabavi Ekhlas , Zahra Naderi Farjad and Kosar Ghasemi who motivated me to work energetically and gave me some constructive comments on this thesis.
My thanks and appreciations also go to those informants from Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch who provided me opportunity to have a wonderful learning experience during my study.
I would like to thank all the students who kindly participated in this study. And last but not the least, my heartfelt appreciations are due to my loving parents who understood and supported me while I was studying.
Dedications

This thesis is dedicated to all of them: My parents who were very enthusiastic, proud, and supporting me with their love, knowledge, wisdom, and guidance. To my siblings whose love was always the light of my life and from whom I have learned patience and endurance in all difficult and unbearable situations.

 
Table of Contents
Abstract. IV
Table of Contents VII
List of Tables. XII
List of Figures. XIV
List of Abbreviation XV
Chapter, I Introduction
۱. Introduction . 1
۱.۱ Theoretical Background . 1
۱.۱.۲ Task- based Language Teaching (TBLT) 2
۱.۱.۳ Task. 3
۱.۱.۴ Creativity. 3
۱.۱.۵ Autonomy . 5
۱.۱.۶ Language Skills 5
۱.۱.۶.۱ Listening 6
۱.۱.۶.۲ Speaking 6
۱.۱.۶.۳ Reading 6
۱.۱.۶.۴ Writing 6
۱.۲ Statement of Problem . 7
۱.۳ Purpose and Significant of the Study 8
۱.۴ Research Questions 9
۱.۵ Research Hypotheses. 10
۱.۶ Definition of Key Terms 10
۱.۶.۱Autonomy 10
۱.۶.۲ Creativity . 11
۱.۶.۳ Cue card 11
۱.۶.۴ Speaking ability 11
۱.۶.۵ Task 11
۱.۶.۶ TBLT 12
۱.۷ Limitations and Delimitations of the Study . 12
۱.۷.۱ Limitations 12
۱.۷.۲ Delimitations . 13
Chapter II- Review of Related Literature
۲.۱ Introduction. 14
۲.۲ Language Teaching Methods . 14
۲.۲.۱ A Historical Perspective . 14
۲.۳ Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT). 18
۲.۳.۱ What is a task? 22
۲.۳.۲ Task Types 28
۲.۴ Research in Task-Based Teaching 30
۲.۵ Task- based Teaching and Language Skills 32
۲.۵.۱ What are Language Skills 32
۲.۵.۱.۱ The Nature of Listening Comprehension . 32
۲.۵.۱.۱.۱ Tasks for Listening Comprehension 33
۲.۵.۱.۲ The Nature of Reading Skill 34
۲.۵.۱.۲.۱ Tasks for Reading Comprehension. 35
۲.۵.۱.۳ The Nature of Reading Skill 36
۲.۵.۱.۳.۱ Tasks for Writing Skill . 36
۲.۵.۱.۴ The Nature of Speaking Skill . 37
۲.۵.۱.۴.۱ Aspects of Speaking 39
۲.۵.۱.۴.۲ Speaking Genres. 40
۲.۵.۱.۴.۳ Speaking Instructions 41
۲.۵.۱.۴.۴ Tasks for Speaking Skill 41
۲.۶ Research in Speaking Skill 42
۲.۷ Learning Characteristics 43
۲.۷.۱ Personality. 43
۲.۷.۲ Aptitude. 44
۲.۷.۳ Motivation 45
۲.۷.۴ Language Styles and Learning Strategies. 45
۲.۷.۴.۱ Learning Styles 45
۲.۷.۴.۱.۱ Kolb’s and Riding’s Model of Learning Styles 46
۲.۷.۴.۲ Cognitive Styles . 47
۲.۷.۵ Learning Strategies 48
۲.۷.۵.۱ Cognitive Strategies . 48
۲.۷.۵.۲ Metacognitive Strategies. 48
۲.۷.۵.۳ Social Strategies 48
۲.۷.۵.۴ Affective Strategies. 48
۲.۸ Language Learning. 48
۲.۸.۱ The Nature of Input . 48
۲.۸.۲ The Process of Intake 49
۲.۸.۳ The Role of Interaction in the Classroom. 49
۲.۸.۴ The Role of Error. 49
۲.۹ Research in Language Learners Characteristics 50
۲.۱۰ Learner Autonomy. 50
۲.۱۰.۱ What is Autonomy? 50
۲.۱۰.۲ An Autonomous Learner Model 52
۲.۱۰.۳ Characteristics of Autonomous Learners. 52
۲.۱۱ Research in Learner Autonomy 53
۲.۱۲ Learner Creativity 53
۲.۱۲.۱ What is Creativity?. 53
۲.۱۲.۲ Categories of Creativity 54
۲.۱۲.۳ Academic Achievement. 55
۲.۱۲.۴ The Components of Creative Performance. 56
۲.۱۳ Research in Learner Creativity. 57
۲.۱۴ Conclusion. 57
Chapter III- Method
۳.۱ Introduction. 59
۳.۲ Participants 59
۳.۳ Instrumentation and Validation. 59
۳.۳.۱ Questionnaires 59
۳.۳.۱.۱ Reliability . 60
۳.۳.۱.۲ Construct Validity 60
۳.۳.۲ Materials 62
۳.۴ Procedure 62
۳.۵ Design . 63
۳.۶ Data Analysis . 63
Chapter IV- Results and Discussion
۴.۱ Introduction 64
۴.۲ Results 65
۴.۲.۱ Testing Assumptions . 65
۴.۲.۲ PET Score General Language Proficiency 66
۴.۲.۳ Oral Proficiency Test(Pretest) 67
۴.۲.۴ Pretest of Autonomy 69
۴.۲.۵ Pretest of Creativity . 70
۴.۲.۶ Investigation of the Major Research Question . 72
۴.۲.۷ Investigation of the Major Research Question one . 75
۴.۲.۸ Investigation of the Major Research Question two 77
۴.۲.۹ Investigation of the Major Research Question Three 78
۴.۲.۱۰ Investigation of the Major Research Question Four 79
۴.۲.۱۱ Investigation of the Major Research Question Five . 81
۴.۲.۱۲ Investigation of the Major Research Question Six 82
۴.۲.۱۳ Investigation of the Major Research Question Seven 83
۴.۳. Discussion 85
Chapter V Conclusions, Implications and suggestions
۵.۱ Introduction 90
۵.۲ Summary of the Findings 90
۵.۳ Conclusions 92
۵.۴ Pedagogical Implications . 93
۵.۵ Suggestions for Further studies . 94
References . 95
Appendices 103
Appendix A: Arjmand Creativity Questionnaire
Appendix B: Learner Autonomy Questionnaire ( Sara Cotterall, 2005)
Appendix C: Cue Cards
Appendix D: The Level Short Story
Appendix E: PET Sample

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Tables
Table 2.1        Definition of Task                 ۲۵
Table 2.2        Definition of Task as an Educational Activity                 ۲۶
Table 2.3        List of the major cognitive styles.        ۴۷
Table 3.1        Inter-Rater Reliability        ۶۰
Table 3.2        Total Variance Explained.       ۶۱
Table 3.3        Rotated Component Matrix       ۶۱
Table 4.1        Testing Normality Assumption.      ۶۵
Table 4.2        Descriptive Statistics, PET by Groups      ۶۶
Table 4.3        Independent Sample Test, PET by Groups       ۶۶
Table 4.4        Descriptive Statistics, Oral Proficiency Test( Pretest) by Groups .     ۶۷
Table 4.5        Independent Sample Test, Oral Proficiency Test (Pretest).    ۶۸
Table 4.6        Descriptive Statistics, Pretest of Autonomy by Groups                 ۶۹
Table 4.7        Independent Sample Test, Pretest of Autonomy by Groups              ۶۹
Table 4.8        Descriptive Statistics, Pretest of Creativity by Groups                ۷۰
Table 4.9        Independent Sample Test, Pretest of Creativity by Groups             ۷۱
Table 4.10      Leven’s Test of Equality of Error Variances                ۷۲
Table 4.11      Test of Between- Subjects Effects.                ۷۲
Table 4.12      Description Statistics, Grand mean by Groups.               ۷۳
Table 4.13      Descriptive Statistics, Oral Proficiency Test, Creativity and Autonomy (Posttests).    ۷۳
Table 4.14      Multiple Comparison      ۷۳
Table 4.15      Descriptive Statistics, Interaction Effect.               ۷۴

Table 4.16      Descriptive Statistics, Oral Proficiency Test( Posttest )by Groups      ۷۵
Table 4.17      Independent Sample Test, Oral Proficiency Test( Posttest) by Groups.                ۷۶
Table 4.18      Paired Samples Statistics, Pretest and Posttest of Creativity            ۷۷
Table 4.19      Paired Sample –Test, Pretest and Posttest of Creativity (CCT Group)               ۷۷
Table 4.20      Paired Samples Statistics, Pretest and Posttest of Autonomy           ۷۸
Table 4.21      Paired Sample t-test, pretest and Posttest of Autonomy (CCT Group)      ۷۹
Table 4.22      Paired Samples Statistics, Pretest and Posttest of Autonomy  ۸۰
Table 4.23      Paired Samples t-test, Pretest and Posttest of Autonomy (LS Group).     ۸۰
Table 4.24      Paired Samples Statistics, Pretest and Posttest of Creativity ( LS Group)    ۸۱
Table 4.25      Paired Samples t-test, Pretest and Posttest of Creativity ( LS Group)    ۸۱
Table 4.26      Descriptive Statistics, Posttest of autonomy by Groups.    ۸۲
Table 4.27      Independent Samples Test, Posttest of Autonomy by Groups    ۸۳
Table 4.28      Descriptive Statistics, Posttest of Creativity by Groups.    ۸۴
Table 4.29      Independent Samples Test, Posttest of Creativity by Groups    ۸۴

 
List of Figures
 
Graph4.1        PET by Groups       ۶۷
Graph4.2        Oral Proficiency Test( Pretest) by Groups .                ۶۸
Graph4.3        Pretest of Autonomy by Groups .                ۷۰
Graph4.4        Pretest of Creativity by Groups                 ۷۱
Graph4.5       Interaction between Groups and Tests .                ۷۵
Graph4.6       Oral Proficiency Test( Posttest) by Groups .                ۷۶
Graph4.7       Pretest and Posttest of Creativity( CCT Groups) .                ۷۸
Graph4.8       Pretest and Posttest of Autonomy( CCT Groups)                 ۷۹
Graph4.9       Pretest and Posttest of Autonomy( LS Groups) .                ۸۰
Graph4.10     Pretest and Posttest of Creativity( LS Groups)                 ۸۲
Graph4.11     Posttest of Autonomy by Groups .                ۸۳
Graph4.12     Posttest of Creativity by Groups.                ۸۵

 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Abbreviations
 
TBLT     Task-Based Language Teaching
CLT .      Communicative Language Teaching
CCT.       Cue Card Timed
LS       Linguistic Summarizing
ALM   Audiolingual Method
GTM     Grammar Translation Method
EFL     English as a Foreign Language
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

  1. ۱. Introduction

۱.۱Theoretical Background
The quest for ways of recognizing why some English learners are more successful than others especially in speaking ability turned towards individual differences. Since communication in the world today enjoys utmost importance, EFL learners are looking for ways to help them improve their speaking ability. In Iran, although English language learners receive English instruction in secondary high schools and universities, the instruction is often inadequate for students to develop their speaking as an essential component in learning a language. So they tend towards English classes which are supposed to be more communicative, as, for example, they expect to receive instruction based on new methods (i.e. communication methods).
The term Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) covers a variety of approaches that all focus on helping learners to communicate meaningfully in a target language. Moreover, “CLT is perhaps the method or approach that most contemporary teachers would subscribe to, despite the fact that it is widely misunderstood and misapplied. This method is based on the beliefs that learners will learn best if they participate in meaningful communication” (Scrivener 2010, p.32).
Actually, we may make distinction between a stronger and weaker version of CLT. In strong CLT, students’ learning is more communicative, that is, doing communication tasks with a limited role for explicit teaching and traditional practice exercises. On the other hand, in weak version of CLT students’ learning is done through a wide variety of teaching, exercises, activities and study, with more attention towards speaking and listening work (Scrivener, 2010).
Of course , it should be reiterated that communicative language teaching may be realized by different frameworks or methods such as Task- based Language Teaching (TBLT).
۱.۱.۲Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)
TBLT is ” a variant of CLT which bases work cycles around the preparation for, doing of, and reflective analysis of tasks that reflect real-life needs and skills”  (Scrivener, 2010, p.32).  Moreover, TBLT is” an approach to the design of language courses in which the point of departure is not an ordered list of linguistic items, but a collection of tasks” ( Nunan 1989, p.24). In his 1989 book on task-based language teaching,
He drew a distinction between pedagogical tasks and real- world or target   tasks , they are the sorts of things that individuals typically do outside the classroom so the ultimate rational for language instruction is to enable learners to do these things using language , and it is to be expected that classroom time will be taken up with rehearsal of making reservation, writing letters, finding destination in a dictionary and so on; however learners will also do many things in class that are not rehearsal for performance outside of the classroom (Nunan,1989, p.25).
Furthermore, Nunan (1989) sequenced tasks as follows:
Tasks from reception to production.In other words listening and reading tasks generally come before writing and speaking tasks. A reproductive task is one in which the student reproduces language provided by the teacher, the textbook, or the tape. In contrast to reproductive tasks, creative tasks are those that require learners to come up with language for which they have not been specifically cued. In other words, they are asked to put together familiar elements in new or novel combinations, therefore; in designing sequence of tasks, it is important to consider the salience for learners of the pedagogical goals of the tasks the extent to which learning strategies are made explicit, the extent to which the task incorporates an experiential philosophy of learning by doing, and the opportunities provided to learners for inductive learning (p.30).

 

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز دانشکده ی زبانهای خارجی، گروه آلمانی (M.Aپایان نامه برای دریافت درجه ...

۱.۲  Im Sinne von der persischen Kultur8
۱.۲  Im Sinne vom Christentum10
۱.۴ Im Sinne von der deutschen Kultur.12

  1. Die Etymologie von Aufopferung14

 

  1. Die Rolle der Aufopferung im Krieg.19

۳.۱: Die Rolle eines Führers in Bezug auf.21
die Aufopferung im Krieg
۳.۲: Die Rolle der Heimatliebe in Bezug.28
auf die Aufopferung
۳.۳: Die Rolle von Glauben in Bezug auf36
die Aufopferung

  1. Heinrich Böll42

۴.۱: Biografie von Heinrich Böll43
۴.۲: Inhaltsangaben von seinen Werken.46


۴.۲.۱: Der Zug war pünktlich46
۴.۲.۲: Wo warst du Adam.49
۴.۳: Die Rolle von Aufopferung in seinen Werken54

  1. Habib Ahmad zadeh und Ahmad Dehghan65

۵.۱: Inhaltsangaben von ihren Werken.66
۵.۲: Die Rolle von Aufopferung in den Werken.67
۵.۲.۱Safar be geraye 270 darajeh67
۵.۲.۲Shatranj ba mashine ghiamat71

  1. Schlusswort74
  2. مطلب دیگر :

  1. پایان نامه روانشناسی در مورد : سبک پردازش هویت و اهداف تحصیلی و شغلی

  1. Literaturverzeichnis.77

 
 
 
 

  • Einleitung:

Seit Anfang der Menschheit waren immer die Menschen und Völker im Konflikt miteinander.  Mit Laufe der Zeit sind Kriege zustande gekommen. Als Beispiel kann die Kreuzzüge und Weltkriege erwähnt werden. Der Krieg beeinflusste die Menschen und das Leben in allen Bereiche und er hat für sich eine eigene Kultur geschöpft. Ihre Begriffe haben in die Literatur eingegangen und die Schriftsteller fingen an Über den Krieg und seine Gegenstände zu schreiben. Diese Literatur heißt in Deutschland Trümmerliteratur oder Nachkriegszeitliteratur und die Iraner nennen diese Literatur Wiederstandliteratur.
Was man häufig in der Literatur von Krieg als Objekt sieht, ist der Begriff Aufopferung. In dieser Arbeit kann man die Untersuchung von Aufopferung und ihrer Rolle in vier bestimmten Werken von der deutschen und persischen Literatur als Ziel bestimmen. Anderseits wissen Wir, dass die  Aufopferung besondere Bedeutung für die Iraner hat und sie mehr mit religiösem Anreiz vorkommt. Aber Natürlich müssen in der deutschen Literatur solche Begriffe allgemeiner ins Auge zu fassen. Da das Ziel von Aufopferung mehr moralisch ist und mit den Begriffen “Nationalismus” und “ Patriotismus” zu tun hat.
Im Jahr 1933 bis 1945 gab es in Deutschland zwei Art von Literaturen. Eine war von innerem Deutschland und unter Kontrolle von Nazismus und sie hieß die Literatur von Nationalsozialismus. Sie Motivierte die Menschen und Soldaten für Aufopferung aber im Wunsch und Bestrebung des Nazismus. Diese war oberflächig, wertlos und befohlen. Aber die Schriftsteller, die außer den geografischen Grenzen von Deutschland lebten, schafften die Exilliteratur. Sie kämpften mit der Hilfe von Begriffe wie Aufopferung in der Literatur gegen Diktatur in Deutschland. Es gibt auch einen großen Unterschied zwischen

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی دانشکده زبانهای خارجی گروه فرانسه پایان نامه ...

 L’apprentissage de la grammaire doit conduire les élèves à saisir que le respect des règles de l’expression française n’est pas contradictoire avec la liberté d’expression : il favorise au contraire une pensée précise ainsi qu’un raisonnement rigoureux et facilement compréhensible. L’élève doit maîtriser suffisamment les outils de la langue que sont le vocabulaire, la grammaire et l’orthographe pour pouvoir lire, comprendre et écrire des textes dans différents contextes. L’apprentissage de la grammaire et de l’orthographe requiert des exercices spécifiques distincts de l’étude des textes.
Les causes et les aspects de la diversité et de l’évolution des manuels rendaient intéressante la confrontation de certains d’entre eux dans une étude historique de la transposition didactique de la grammaire. Les manuels ont été retenus en fonction de leur appartenance à trois générations, trois courants qui reflètent bien l’évolution de la didactique au cours de ces dernières années. La rupture avec la grammaire traditionnelle au début des

 années 1970 était une des phases de cette évolution.

Pourquoi enseigner la grammaire ?

مطلب دیگر :



  • Développer la réflexion sur la langue ; en faire comprendre le fonctionnement en système.
  • Faire acquérir un métalangage lié aux besoins de l’analyse et à la catégorisation des faits de langue.
  • Faire acquérir des compétences réflexives à mettre au service des activités langagières.
  • Améliorer la communication, favoriser la compréhension.

Quand on dit les mots par exemple arbrechienciel que se passe-t-il dans votre tête ? Les images représentants de ces choses viennent à l’esprit. On peut s’exprimer au moyen des signes, au moyen de la parole et au moyen de l’écriture. Le langage est le moyen d’exprimer nos idées, Alors on enseigne la grammaire. Chaque langue a ses règles spéciales qui nous aident à la parler et à l’écrire correctement. Ces règles forment la grammaire. Elle nous enseigne à parler et à écrire sans faire des fautes.
« La construction de la langue se fait chez le jeune enfant par la recherche de solutions reposant sur la grammaire pour créer de nouveaux mot. »[۲]
Les difficultés des élèves sont le reflet de l’état de la grammaire actuelle. En effet, dans son livre Enseigner la grammaire et le vocabulaire à l’école: Pourquoi ? Comment?[3] Renée Leon dresse un constat alarmant sur la grammaire. Cette dernière dénonce le manque de réflexion sur les finalités de l’enseignement